|
| }} |image_map=European Economic Area members.svg |alt_map= |map_caption=Member states of the EEA |membership_type=Members〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Agreement details )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Agreement details )〕 |membership= | }} |admin_center= | }} |admin_center_type= |org_type = Single market |established_event1=EEA Agreement |established_date1=1994 |government_type= |area_magnitude= |area_km2=4944753 |area_sq_mi= |percent_water= |population_estimate=508,833,961 |population_estimate_year=2012 |population_density_km2= |GDP_PPP= |GDP_PPP_year= |GDP_PPP_per_capita= |GDP_nominal=€14 trillion ($18 trillion)〔(Gross domestic product at market prices )〕 |GDP_nominal_year=2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita=€27,300 ($34,000) |Gini_year= |Gini_change= |Gini= |Gini_ref= |Gini_rank= |HDI_year= |HDI_change= |HDI= |HDI_ref= |HDI_rank= |currency= |currency_code= }} The European Economic Area (EEA) provides for the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within the internal market of the European Union (EU) between its 28 member states, as well as three of the four member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.〔 The Agreement is applied provisionally with respect to Croatia—the remaining and most recent EU member state—pending ratification of its accession by all EEA parties.〔 The EEA was established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of an agreement between the member states and the EU's predecessors, the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community. EFTA states which join the EEA participate in the EU's internal market without being EU members, adopting almost all the relevant EU legislation other than laws regarding agriculture and fisheries. The EEA's "decision-shaping" processes enable them to influence and contribute to new EEA policy and legislation from an early stage.〔http://www.efta.int/~/media/Files/Publications/Bulletins/eeadecisionshaping-bulletin.pdf〕 One EFTA member, Switzerland, has not joined the EEA, but has a series of bilateral agreements with the EU which allow it also to participate in the internal market. ==Origins== In the late 1980s, the EFTA member states, led by Sweden, began looking at options to join the then European Communities. The reasons identified for this are manifold. Many authors cite the economic downturn in the beginning of the 1980s, and the subsequent adoption by the European Union of the ''Europe 1992 agenda'' as a primary reason. Arguing from a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, these authors argue that large multinational corporations in EFTA countries, especially Sweden, pressed for EEC membership under threat of relocating their production abroad. Other authors point to the end of the Cold War, which made joining the EU less politically controversial for neutral countries.〔Bache, Ian and Stephen George (2006) ''Politics in the European Union.'' Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 543–548.〕 Meanwhile, Jacques Delors, who was president of the European Commission at the time, did not like the idea of the EEC enlarging with more member states, as he feared that it would impede the ability of the Community to complete the internal market reform and establish the monetary union. Delors proposed a European Economic Space (EES) in January 1989, which was later renamed the European Economic Area, as it is known today.〔 By the time the EEA was established, however, several developments hampered its credibility. First of all, Switzerland rejected the EEA agreement in a national referendum on 6 December 1992 obstructing full EU-EFTA integration within the EEA. Furthermore, Austria had applied for full EEC membership in 1989, and was followed by Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland between 1991 and 1992 (Norway's EU accession was rejected in a referendum, Switzerland froze its EU application after the EEA agreement was rejected). The fall of the Iron Curtain made the EU less hesitant to accept these highly developed countries as member states, since that would relieve the pressure on the EU's budget when the former communist countries of Central Europe were to join.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「European Economic Area」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|